Enzyme gives bread 'superfood' nutritional benefits, say scientists
Clinical data suggest that the regular intake of foods/beverages rich in phenolic compounds (eg. cocoa, green tea, and berries) improves vascular function and maintains a healthy circulatory function. However, such foods tend to be expensive and have limited availability. Thus, increasing the intake of phenolic compounds requires delivery through foods derived from staple crops such as rice, maize and wheat. Wholegrain wheat is a rich source of phenolic acids, in particular ferulic acid (FA), in addition to vitamins, minerals, phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids and lignans.
There is robust scientific evidence that diets rich in wholegrain have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular health. FA, which may contribute to the vascular health effects, comprises up to 90% of the phenolic acids present in wholegrain wheat. It is present in three forms: soluble free acid, soluble conjugates, and insoluble bound forms. The latter constitute the majority of FA and so the lack of absorption of FA in the gastrointestinal tract limits its potential to induce health benefits.
A research team from the University of Reading and Rothamsted Research produced high fibre bread with high amounts of free FA, released enzymatically during dough development, in order to determine whether dietary-relevant amounts of free FA delivered in high fibre bread are capable of inducing acute beneficial effects upon endothelial function.
During a randomized, single blind, crossover, controlled intervention trial trial, published in Clinical Nutrition, the researchers found they were able to increase free FA by more than five times and, what's more, participants who ate their improved bread saw the same short-term boost to their vascular function as gained from eating blueberries.
Jeremy Spencer, Professor of Molecular Nutrition at the University of Reading who led the study, said: “While there is a growing recognition that foods like berries or green tea have a positive benefit for human health due to the presence of polyphenols, we recognise that there are barriers for much of the population to consume amounts of these that may have a significant impact on their health.
“Our study shows that there are ways that we can subtly change the characteristics of staple foods such as bread to increase the positive micronutrients found in them.”
Nineteen healthy young men were selected to take part in the clinical trial and were randomly placed in groups, with one group receiving the enriched bread. These participants showed higher levels of ferulic acid and a significant short-term boost in blood flow associated with cardiovascular health.
In order to account for differences between higher and lower fibre breads, two control groups were tested as well, with one group receiving white bread low in fibre, and one group receiving a higher fibre bread which had a non-active version of the enzyme.
The results demonstrate that the free ferulic acid that was in the treated bread is most likely to have accounted for an increase in blood flow.
Dr Alison Lovegrove from the Rothamsted Research Institute said: “All wholegrain and high fibre breads contain similar contents of phenolic compounds to those present in blueberries and other superfoods, but the chemicals are tightly bound to fibre in the bread – meaning we don’t typically get the health benefits from consuming them unless eaten regularly over the long term.
“This may be one of the reasons why we see greater benefits from regular wholegrain consumption, as these compounds are slowly released in the gut.
“Processing with an enzyme to release the ferulic acid prior to bread making had changed that, effectively unlocking the goodness of the wholegrain and making it immediately available. The effect on blood flow seen in the study are really clear and show that with a small addition, bread can be as good as blueberries for your health.”
The enzyme used is already accepted for food use and used by commercial brewers as part of a mixture of enzymes that break down the fibre during malting – so the hope is bakers could adopt the additional ingredient soon.
And although this research is focused on delivering benefits in bread, the researchers say the technology could also be applied to various snack foods and energy bars, which often contain wheat bran or wholemeal.
Source: Clinical Nutrition
Spencer. J. P. E., et al
"Increased bioavailability of phenolic acids and enhanced vascular function following intake of feruloyl esterase-processed high fibre bread: A randomized, controlled, single blind, crossover human intervention trial"
